2020 U.S. Election

Election Results

1. CNN
2. The Cook Political Report
   • 2020 National Popular Vote Tracker
   • 2020 National House Vote Tracker
3. Politico
4. The Guardian
   • US election results 2020 - Interactive Map
   • Senate and House elections 2020: full results for Congress
5. New York Times (with vote margin over time)
6. Washington Post (with results by state)
7. Federal Election Commission - Election and voting information
8. Harvard Kennedy School - Campaigns & Elections
9. Harvard Law School - Government, Voting & Polling Data
10. MIT Election Data Science Lab
11. U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide - Library of Congress - U.S. election statistics for federal and state elections.
    • Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Election 2020, 2019, 2018, 2016
      • 2020 Presidential Election Statistics
      • Purchase Detailed Data - Newest Data by County

Election Results by County

1. Florida Division of Elections - Precinct-Level Election Results (2020 General Election results not yet available as of 12/14/20)
2. Kentucky State Board of Elections - 2020 Election Results
3. Michigan Secretary of State - County Websites
4. North Carolina State Board of Elections - Unofficial General Election Results
5. Ohio Unofficial Results (to download results, click Results, Download Results, All Results)
6. Pennsylvania Unofficial Results
7. Wisconsin Elections Commission - Wisconsin County Election Websites

Exit Poll / Vote Count Discrepancies - 2020 Election

1. 2020 Election Forecast - fivethirtyeight.com, November 2020
   • 2020 Senate Election Forecast - fivethirtyeight.com, November 2020
   • 2020 House Election Forecast - fivethirtyeight.com, November 2020
   • Why Polling Has Gotten So Hard - Galen Druke, FiveThirtyEight Politics podcast, December 3, 2020
2. Code Red: Computerized Elections and the War on American Democracy - Jonathan Simon, November 17, 2020
3. 2020 Presidential Election Table - Theodore de Macedo Soares, TDMS Research, November 4, 2020 - According to the exit polls conducted by Edison Research, Biden easily won the presidency. As in past elections, the pattern of overwhelming discrepancies between the exit poll results and the unverified computer vote counts, always favoring the more politically conservative candidate, continues in this election.
4. Red Shifts for 2020 Election Cycle, November 18, 2020
5. Thom Hartmann, Gregg Palast & Jonathan Simon Update on Trump's & The Republican Vote Theft Attempt - Rob Kall Bottom-up Show, November 24, 2020

1. State governments - Ballotpedia - In practice, each state has adopted a three-branch system of government generally along the sames lines as that of the federal government. Nebraska, for example, has a unicameral legislature.
2. State government trifectas - Ballotpedia - State government trifecta is a term to describe single-party government, when one political party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature.
3. List of United States state legislatures - Wikipedia - With the exception of Nebraska, all state legislatures are bicameral bodies, composed of a lower house (Assembly, General Assembly, State Assembly, House of Delegates, or House of Representatives) and an upper house (Senate).

1. America’s most gerrymandered congressional districts - Washington Post, May 15, 2014 - I've listed the 10 most gerrymandered districts below. North Carolina 12th, Maryland 3rd, Florida 5th, Pennsylvania 7th, North Carolina 1st, Texas 33rd, North Carolina 4th, Illinois 4th, Texas 35th, and Louisiana 2nd.
2. EXTREME MAPS - Brennan Center for Justice, 2017 - T his report examines partisan bias in the congressional maps drawn by states with six or more districts after the 2010 Census, using congressional results from the 2012, 2014, and 2016 elections
3. The Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States In America - Kaz Weida, Rantt Media, May 25, 2017 - Top 10 Most Gerrymandered States: North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Utah, Texas, Arkansas, and Ohio.
4. The 12 worst House districts: Experts label gerrymandering's dirty dozen - The Fulcrum, November 7, 2019 - Their choices are listed here, starting with the districts mentioned most often: Beside Lake Erie (OH), Spreading from Baltimore (MD), Alabama's capital (AL), Baton Rouge (LA), Western Maryland (MD), Suburban Houston (TX), Austin (TX), Metro Atlanta (GA), Northwestern Ohio (OH), Metro Detroit (MI), Chicago (IL), and North Carolina campuses (NC).
5. Most Gerrymandered States 2021 - World Population Review - The top 10 most gerrymandered states in the U.S. include: North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Utah, Texas, Arkansas, and Ohio.
6. Gerrymandering in the United States - Wikipedia - Gerrymandering is the practice of setting boundaries of electoral districts to favor specific political interests within legislative bodies, often resulting in districts with convoluted, winding boundaries rather than compact areas.

1. Post Election: Audits & Recounts - U.S. Election Assistance Commission - Below are links to national and state resources about processes for post-election audits and recounts.
2. PVoting Machine Security: Where We Stand Six Months Before the New Hampshire Primary - Brennan Center for Justice, August 13, 2019 - While there has been substantial progress in securing voting machines since 2016, there is still more to do ahead of 2020.
3. Election Audits Across the United States, V1.0 - U.S. Election Assistance Commission, October 6, 2021 - Post-election audits are an essential component of the electoral process. This document provides comprehensive information about election audits in the United States.

1. Republican Primary Election 2012 Results: Amazing Statistical Anomalies - Francois Choquette, James Johnson, August 13, 2012 - Slopes on cumulative vote tally charts, which should settle to horizontal lines, are an amazing statistical anomaly. The hypergeometric distribution chart, normally produces after a minor initial oscillation, a smooth horizontal line for the rest of the chart.
2. NSA Analyst Proves GOP Is Stealing Elections - Denis G. Campbell and Charley James, October 25, 2012 - We use paper ballots in the UK and results do not even begin to trickle in until 3 am. The final outcome can take up to three days to finalise. But voters in Britain know the count is accurate because every ballot is transparently hand-counted.
3. A Statistician’s Review of “Republican Primary Election 2012 Results: Amazing Statistical Anomalies” - Beth Clarkson, December 16, 2012 - This paper provides evidence to support the rather common hypothesis that voting machines are being rigged.
4. How Trustworthy Are Electronic Voting Systems in the US? - Beth Clarkson, Global Research, June 26, 2015 - For a thorough assessment, I recommend reading 'Post-Election Audits: Restoring Trust in Elections' published by the Brennan Center for Justice which includes a lengthy appendix of various well documented voting equipment problems. (Global Research), (Forbidden News)
5. Replicating the Kansas Vote Fraud Study - Brian Amos, September 1, 2015 - This just reinforces the point hinted at earlier: voters are not randomly assigned precinct sizes, so the expectation that Choquette, Johnson, and Clarkson have of finding random results in their cumulative vote share graphs is starting off on a faulty assumption. While the charts may be explainable through vote fraud, there are other, perfectly innocuous explanations that can be put forward, as well.
6. An Electoral System in Crisis - Lulu Friesdat, Anselmo Sampietro, and others, July 25, 2016 - Following our analysis that showed statistical red flags in Racine County Wisconsin, I filmed the recount there, and reported on volunteers who had noticed discrepancies between their counts and the optical scanners.
   • An Electoral System in Crisis - lulu Fries’dat & Anselmo Sampietro, July 25, 2016 - We need to immediately implement robust audit procedures. Then, as rapidly as possible, we must join the other legitimate democracies of the world and implement a system of paper ballots, hand-counted in a secure process that is open to the public, invites media scrutiny, and has strong chain of custody protocols.
   • An Electoral System in Crisis, EXCERPT - lulu Fries’dat & Anselmo Sampietro, July 26, 2016 - At a congressional briefing on voter suppression, held on April 21, 2016, Rep. Hank Johnson (D-Georgia) expressed grave concern about the security of the voting equipment: "...one possibility, and I think it's a very good one, is that someone's manipulating the counting of the votes."
7. Evidence-based elections: Beyond the “rigging” debate - Mark Lindeman, February 14, 2017 - Claims of “rigged” voting made headlines during the 2016 US presidential election campaign. But while there is no convincing evidence of fraud, there is also a lack of strong evidence to say that US election systems produce the right results.
   • Election Forensics Toolkit
8. Vote Sleuth, Investigating Democracy - Saill White, © 2017 - 2021 - In many counties in certain states, there are vastly more votes for the Republican candidate in precincts where more people voted. In these same states there are few or no counties where there are more votes for the Democratic candidate in precincts where more people voted. We find this extremely perplexing.
   • Wisconsin 2016 Presidential Race – Overview
   • 2016 Presidential Interactive Graphs

1. Texas, Plaintiff v. Pennsylvania, et al. Docketed: December 8, 2020
   • A Judge Just Shot Down 25 of the Trump Campaign’s Conspiracy Theories in Nevada - Adam Klasfeld, December 4, 2020 - Judge James T. Russell wrote that Trump’s would-be electors “did not prove under any standard of proof” their baseless claims 25 times in his ruling.
   • The Dumb Statistical Argument in Texas’s Election Lawsuit - Robert Verbruggen, National Review, December 9, 2020 - Basically, the exercises simply assume that different batches of ballots should have similar breakdowns by candidate or party. If Biden got more support than Clinton had, or if late-counted ballots were more heavily Biden-leaning than early ballots, that’s treated as evidence of fraud. And the statistical tests are incredibly emphatic that these differences are real — one a quadrillion! — because of the enormous sample sizes, including millions of ballots.
   • Lawsuit claim that statistics prove fraud in Wisconsin, elsewhere is wildly illogical - Eric Litke, PolitiFact, December 9, 2020 - "The probability of former Vice President Biden winning the popular vote in the four Defendant States — Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin - independently given President Trump’s early lead in those States as of 3 a.m. on November 4, 2020, is less than one in a quadrillion, or 1 in 1,000,000,000,000,000," says the lawsuit, citing calculations by Charles J. Cicchetti.
   • Here they are: The 18 state AGs trying to help Donald Trump steal an election he lost by 7 million votes. - S.V. Dáte, Twitter, December 9, 2020

     Alabama - Steve Marshall
     Arkansas -- Leslie Rutledge
     Florida - Ashley Moody
     Indiana - Curtis Hill
     Kansas - Derek Schmidt
     Louisiana - Jeff Landry
     Mississippi - Lynn Fitch
     Missouri- Eric Schmitt
     Montana - Tim Fox
     Nebraska - Douglas Peterson 
     N. Dakota - Wayne Stenehjem
     Oklahoma - Mike Hunter
     S. Carolina - Alan Wilson
     S. Dakota - Jason Ravnsborg
     Tennessee - Herbert Slatery
     Texas - Ken Paxton
     Utah - Sean Reyes
     West Virginia - Patrick Morrisey
     

2. Michigan election officials slam report on votes in Antrim County, Craig Mauger, The Detroit Times, December 14, 2020 - Michigan's top election officials denounced Monday a 23-page report on voting technology in rural Antrim County, which has become a hot spot for conspiracies trying to discredit President-elect Joe Biden's victory nationally.
3. Dominion CEO: Michigan vote fraud claims ‘beyond bizarre’ and ‘dangerous’, Bridge Michigan, December 15, 2020 - Testifying for three hours before the Senate Oversight Committee hearing in Lansing on Tuesday, Poulos said claims that the company’s voting equipment switched votes from President Donald Trump to Joe Biden are part of a broad effort to sow confusion.
4. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, Witness Statement of Jesse Binnall, December 16, 2020 - On August 3, 2020, after a rushed special session, Nevada legislators made drastic changes to the state’s election law by adopting a bill known as AB 4. The vulnerabilities of this statute were obvious: it provided for universal mail voting without sufficient safeguards to authenticate voters or ensure the fundamental requirement that only one ballot was sent to each legally qualified voter.
5. Senate Hearing on Election 'Irregularities' Highlights Trump's Reckless Disregard for the Truth, Jacob Sullum, Reason, December 17, 2020 - "The Court questions Mr. Kamzol's methodology because he had little to no information about or supervision over the origins of his data, the manner in which it had been matched, and what the rate of false positives would be," Carson City District Judge James Russell wrote. "Additionally, there was little or no verification of his numbers."
6. MyPillow CEO’s Video Rehashes Debunked Election Fraud Claims - FactCheck.org, February 5, 2021 - A two-hour video, claiming to prove that the 2020 presidential election was “stolen” from former President Donald Trump, has been viewed tens of thousands of times online and aired on the cable channel One America News Network. But the video rehashes baseless conspiracy theories and debunked claims.
7. Dr Douglas G Frank - Follow the Data - Videos on YouTube
8. How people who should know better abuse math to bolster the ‘election fraud’ lie - Washington Post, April 12, 2021 - Frank has been working with an attorney named Matthew DePerno, who has been sharing graphs from Frank’s presentation on Twitter with a bit of colorful commentary.
9. No, Michigan didn't use an algorithm to manipulate 2020 election results - PolitiFact, April 9, 2021 - Experts said the vote-manipulation effort Frank theorizes would involve a wide-ranging conspiracy that would not be possible under Michigan’s decentralized election system. We rate his claim Pants On Fire.
10. Dr. Frank’s Analysis is Wrong - Constellation, April 22, 2021 - Dr. Douglas G Frank has been giving presentations claiming he’s uncovered an algorithm that can precisely replicate turnout in each of Colorado’s counties during the 2020 election. Unfortunately, every single one of the underlying data points he presents is wrong.
11. Dr Douglas Frank Shows How The 2010 Census Was Used to Create the Algorithm That Fabricated the 2020 Electronic Vote Outcome - The Last Refuge, August 10, 2021 - This is a stunning video and represents the best presentation to show how the 2020 election was determined; not by actual people voting but by algorithms inserted into election tabulation machines. {Direct Rumble Link}

History of Electronic Voting

1. Ohio Attorney Files to Lift Stay on '04 Election Case, Cites Allegations, Evidence of Massive Fraud by a Number of GOP Operatives, The Brad Blog, July 17, 2008 - At a press conference this morning in Columbus, Ohio, Cliff Arnebeck, lead attorney for the plaintiffs in the case of King Lincoln Bronzeville v. Blackwell, announced that he is filing a motion to "lift the stay in the case [and] proceed with targeted discovery in order to help protect the integrity of the 2008 election."
2. Cliff Arnebeck and Bob Fitrakis, Velvet Revolution, July 22, 2008 - VR Speaks to Ohio Lawyers About Karl Rove and Election Fraud
3. Ohio Attorneys Seek Protection for Mike Connell and his Family against Alleged Threats from Karl Rove, ePluribus Media, December 21, 2008 - Sources close to the Ohio Corrupt Practices Act/RICO claim sent us a copy of the following letter that asks Attorney General Mukasey for protection for Michael Connell and his family who have been allegedly threatened by Karl Rove.
4. Mike Connell - Karl Rove, Ron Citizen, December 25, 2008 - Michael Connell was killed when the Piper Supercub he was piloting crashed three miles short of an Akron-Canton Airport runway. Mike Connell was in charge of the White House emails that "disappeared".
5. RoveCyberGate.com - Velvet Revolution, UPDATE: 10/25/10 - In short, evidence from past elections has pointed to tabulation manipulation by Karl Rove and GOP controlled operatives that may have changed the results of elections such as Ohio 2004 and Alabama 2002. See www.RoveCyberGate.com.
6. New court filing reveals how the 2004 Ohio presidential election was hacked - Bob Fitrakis, Free Press, July 20, 2011 - A new filing in the King Lincoln Bronzeville v. Blackwell case includes a copy of the Ohio Secretary of State election production system configuration that was in use in Ohio's 2004 presidential election when there was a sudden and unexpected shift in votes for George W. Bush.
7. E-voting machines to be scrapped - Pamela Duncan, The Irish Times, June 29, 2012 - Amidst mounting concerns over their reliability and storage costs (which, in the years 2004 to 2008 were €658,000, €696,000, €706,000, €489,000 and €204,000 respectively) the idea of e-voting was finally scrapped in 2009. The same fate now awaits the machines themselves.
8. HOW TO RIG AN ELECTION - Victoria Collier, Harper's Magazine, November 2012 - Old-school election fraud was limited in scope, but new electronic voting systems allow insiders to rig elections on a national scale.
9. Did Anonymous Save the Election from Karl Rove? (Part 1) - Thom Hartmann, The Big Picture RT (this is Russia Today so verify everything via other sources), November 20, 2012 - Remember on election night - when Karl Rove questioned Fox News' call that Ohio had gone for President Obama? Well it turns out hacker group extraordinaire Anonymous may have had something to do with that...or did he (or she)?
10. Why it's not crazy to think Anonymous stopped Karl Rove From Stealing the Election, Part 2 - Thom Hartmann, The Big Picture RT (this is Russia Today so verify everything via other sources), November 21, 2012 - If you think it's crazy that Karl Rove tried to steal the election this year only to be thwarted by Anonymous - then you haven't been paying attention to the last 50 years of American history. Tune in...what do Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, both Bushes, and maybe even Mitt Romney have in common - besides all being Republicans?
11. Voting Technology Companies in the U.S. - Their Histories and Present Contributions - Accesswire, European News Daily, August 10, 2017 - Throughout history, the institution of democracy has flourished and changed to maintain alignment with popular ideologies and new technology. With such a crucial institution of democracy, it is important to understand the companies behind U.S. elections and to know their histories and present contributions.
12. How Republicans Jailed Alabama's Democratic Governor - The Young Turks, February 6, 2018 - TYT's Cenk Uygur spoke with former Alabama Governor Don Siegelman about the bipartisan influence of his criminal trial and conviction in 2006 following his reelection bid for Governor of Alabama. For more info on the documentary Atticus V. The Architect : https://atticusvthearchitect.com/
13. Rigged: America, Russia and 100 Years of Covert Electoral Interference by David Shimer - Luke Harding, The Guardian, June 29, 2020 - A convincing study reveals how the KGB and CIA fought for dominance in the cold war - with social media giving the Kremlin the last laugh
14. America's Computerized Elections 2000 Through the Present w/ Author Jonathan Simon - Jennifer Cohn, August 21, 2020 - Help America Vote Act (HAVA) @ 5:35, Polling @ 32:30
15. How to Hack an Election: The Jennifer Cohn Interview - Andrea Chalupa and Sarah Kendzior, Gaslit Nation, September 2, 2020 - We're thrilled to welcome tenacious election security advocate Jennifer Cohn, who was an early and brave voice in documenting the attacks on the 2016 election and the broader threat of vulnerable election infrastructure. We ran an excerpt last week for Patreon subscribers -- here is the full interview where we ask Cohn what happened in 2016 and what safeguards have been taken since then to secure our election systems.
16. The Arizona Senate’s Contractors Fail to Understand Basic Probability and Voter Data - Brennan Center for Justice, October 1, 2021 - Another of the senate’s contractors, Shiva Ayyadurai, similarly failed to understand (or acknowledge) this notice and cure procedure, when, in a senate hearing he made a rambling presentation that raised suspicion about duplicate envelope images from the 2020 election and at one point erroneously described the duplicate envelope images as "two ballots."
17. Expert Says Maricopa County Elections Process Is Broken - Independent News Network, Terri Jo Neff, October 10, 2021 - Instead, Ayyadurai developed a software program to quickly analyze the signature section of the more than 1.9 million early ballots return envelopes submitted by voters. He found several anomalies between Maricopa County’s official numbers and what the review could substantiate, according to his Sept. 24 presentation to Fann.
18. No evidence for systematic voter fraud: A guide to statistical claims about the 2020 election - PNAS, November 9, 2021 - We have closely examined what we consider the most prominent statistical claims of fraud in the 2020 election. Although the claims are diverse, our conclusion is consistent: For each claim, we find that what is purported to be an anomalous fact about the election result is either not a fact or not anomalous.

1. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 1 - Electronic Ballot Chain of Custody - tabulators
2. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 2 - The Great and Magical Oz
3. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 3 - U.S. Government warns foreign nationals could hack the vote.
4. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 4 - What's so secret? It's just an abacus. - Tabulator should only be able to add.
5. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 5 - What's inside the box? - Tabulator has force equations.
6. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 6 - 51.6 percent - Typical level at which no recount is required.
7. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 7 - Any system can be hacked. - Bill Nelson tried to fix problem.
8. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, November 17, 2005 - Part 8 - Spoonamore's solution. - That Diebold and ES&S won't allow systems to be inspected is big red flag.

9. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 1 - Diebold Electronic VMs - Diebold refuses review of architecture. Evidence 2000 race electronically stolen.
10. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 2 - Diebold Electronic VMs - Hacking/Chain of Custody, Part I - Unclear that tabulator communications is encrypted.
11. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 3 - Diebold Electronic VMs - Hacking/Chain of Custody, Part II - Memory cards can be changed. Negative numbers allowed.
12. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 4 - Diebold Electronic VMs and the 2002 Georgia Patch - Clock function actually comparator function (to flip votes?).
13. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 5 - Diebold Electronic VMs are a Fascist Issue - Diebold Steals Elections. Should verify same as banking machines.
14. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 6 - Diebold Electronic VMs - All electronic voting machines can be hacked. Diebold is lying. - Princeton hack.
15. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 7 - Diebold Electronic VMs are brilliantly designed to steal elections. - Remote access, negative field, socket layer.
16. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, October 15, 2006 - Part 8 - Diebold Electronic VMs. Americans do not want to believe that there are people stealing elections in this country. All known cases of exist poll discrepancies favor Republicans.

17. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 1 - "It's a network people."
18. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 2 - "Electronic voting machines are a national security threat."
19. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 3 - "The genie is out of the bottle..."
20. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 4 - "Fifty ways to steal an election." - Rigging mostly done at tabulator level. Exit poll discrepancies.
21. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 5 - "Mike Connel: Bush IT Guru."
22. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 6 - "The Rapp family: Ohio election coverup."
23. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 7 - "Evangelical Christians and electronic voting machines."
24. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 8 - "What part don't you understand...paper ballots please."
25. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 9 - "McCain/Palin will win by theft."
26. Spoonamore, Velvet Revolution, September 11, 2008 - Part 10 - "People should doubt the vote...because it's being stolen."

27. Spoonamore, Ecological Options Network (EON), December 17, 2008 - BUSTING the 'Man-in-the-Middle' of Ohio Vote Rigging
28. Stephen Spoonamore, Computer Security Guru, Election Theft with Voter Machines, June 8, 2012
29. Spoonamore, MeanderingPathos, September 18, 2015 - Vote Rigging in Ohio During 2004 Election - Stephen Spoonamore Explains the Man in the Middle

1. Greg Palast
2. Thom Hartmann
3. Debra Messing, DiCaprio and Palast Release ‘The Purged’ - Rachel Yang, Entertainment Weekly, October 31, 2015
4. Election Security in All 50 States - February 12, 2018
   • Matrix of state grades
5. What Does a Crooked Election Look Like? - Scientific American, October 30, 2018 - An even more basic challenge faces researchers who want to use forensic tool kits to analyze U.S. elections—getting the data. “The way elections take place and are administered in the U.S. is not really up to the quality standards in other countries,” says Klimek, who tried and failed to apply some of his methods to the 2008 election. "The data quality was not good enough."
6. Securing Digital Democracies - Alex Halderman, CyberSec & Ai Prague, November 8, 2019
7. Thom Hartmann and the WAR on Voting - Alex Halderman, The Young Turks, The Conversation, February 13, 2020
8. Securing Digital Democracy - J. Alex Halderman, University of Michigan, Coursera, November 27, 2020 - In this course, you'll learn what every citizen should know about the security risks--and future potential — of electronic voting and Internet voting. We'll take a look at the past, present, and future of election technologies and explore the various spaces intersected by voting, including computer security, human factors, public policy, and more.

Bipartisan Election Administration

1. Election Administration at State and Local Levels, February 3, 2020
2. It’s Not Just Georgia: More Than A Dozen Other States Are Trying To Take Power Away From Local Election Officials, April 13, 2021
3. 10 new state laws shift power over elections to partisan entities, August 16, 2021
4. Democracy Crisis in the Making Report Update: 2021 Year-End Numbers, January 1, 2022
5. U.S. Election Assistance Commission
   • EAVS Data Reports
     • Election Administration and Voting Survey 2020 Comprehensive Report

Voting Machines

1. The Verifier - Search - November 2020
   • The Verifier - Dominion Voting Systems - November 2020
   • The Verifier - Electronic Systems & Software - November 2020
   • The Verifier - ES&S - DS200 - November 2020
2. The Verifier - Polling Place Equipment - November 2020
3. The Verifier - Audit Law Map
4. All electronic vote tallies can be hacked through the internet, even if the voting machines themselves are not directly connected to it. - Jennifer Cohn, Medium, January 7, 2018 - As explained in this article by Princeton University professor Andrew Appel, all voting machines — including Direct Record Electronic (“DRE”) devices, ballot-marking devices (“BMDs”), and optical scanners — can be hacked through the internet, even if the voting machine itself isn’t connected to it. link
5. Voting Machine Security: Where We Stand Six Months Before the New Hampshire Primary - Brennan Center for Justice, August 13, 2019 - While there has been substantial progress in securing voting machines since 2016, there is still more to do ahead of 2020.
6. Hack the vote: terrifying film shows how vulnerable US elections are - Adrian Horton, The Guardian, March 26, 2020 - In the documentary Kill Chain, the weaknesses of America’s basic election infrastructure are laid bare.
7. Jennifer Cohn: Voting machine vendors & the corruption of our voting system. Suggested mitigations. - Jennifer Cohn, YouTube, August 30, 2020 - In this video, I discuss America's voting machine vendors, the type of equipment they sell, the risks of vote by mail verses in person voting, and suggestions for mitigating risks.
8. Congressional Democrats had raised security concerns about Dominion, other voting machine companies - Daniel Payne, Just the News, November 14, 2020 - Sen. Elizabeth Warren, three other Hill Democrats said in series of letters to investment firms that voting machine companies "have long skimped on security in favor of convenience."

1. Fact check: Dominion voting machines didn't delete votes from Trump, switch them to Biden - Camille Caldera, USA TODAY, November 17, 2020 - A national election security coalition announced on Thursday that "there is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised.
2. Smartmatic does not own Dominion Voting Systems - Ali Swenson, AP, November 17, 2020 - Trump attorney Sidney Powell spun fictional tales of election systems flipping votes, German servers storing U.S. voting information and election software created in Venezuela “at the direction of Hugo Chavez” — the late Venezuelan president who died in 2013.
3. Fact check: Story of Army raid to seize election servers in Germany is false - Camille Caldera, USA TODAY, November 17, 2020 - Based on our research, the claim that the military preformed a raid in Germany to seize servers that show Donald Trump won the election is FALSE. The U.S. Army denied preforming such a raid, and the company whose purported servers were seized didn't even have servers in Germany.
4. AP FACT CHECK: Trump legal team’s batch of false vote claims - Ali Swenson, AP, November 19, 2020 - Both Dominion and Smartmatic have released statements saying no ownership relationship exists between the two competing firms.
5. How We Know Dominion Voting Machines Didn’t Affect the Election Outcome - John McCormack, National Review, November 20, 2020 - In the face of clear evidence that President Trump lost the 2020 presidential election, Trump and his surrogates have promoted wild and demonstrably false conspiracy theories that voting machines changed the votes needed to deliver Joe Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election.

1. How to Rig an Election - Victoria Collier, Harper's Magazine, November 2012 - Whether Hagel’s relationship to ES&S ensured his victory is open to speculation. But the surprising scale of his win awakened a new fear among voting-rights activists and raised a disturbing question: Who controls the new technology of Election Night?
2. The genesis of America’s corrupted computerized election system. - Jennifer Cohn, Medium, October 10, 2018 - Note: This is a draft article I started writing in 2017 and never finished. But upon re-reading it, it’s quite informative “as is,” so I’m posting it. I hope people find it useful.
3. The Market for Voting Machines Is Broken. This Company Has Thrived in It - Jessica Huseman, ProPublica, October 28, 2019 - Half the country votes on machines made by ES&S. Many experts and election officials say the manufacturer remains dominant because there’s little government regulation and almost no oversight.
4. Election commission orders top voting machine vendor to correct misleading claims - Kim Zetter, Politico, August 13, 2020 - The federal Election Assistance Commission has rebuked the nation’s top voting-machine maker over marketing materials that the panel says deceptively implied the company’s voting machines are EAC-certified.
5. Experts: Florida Voting Machines Ripe for Foreign Hackers - John Pacenti, Palm Beach Post, October 16, 2020 - Florida may be ripe for the picking, computer scientists say, because numerous counties rely on voting machines that are drawing fire for their vulnerability to a cyberattack.

Websites covering election issues

1. https://ballotpedia.org/Main_Page - Ballotpedia is the digital encyclopedia of American politics and elections. Our goal is to inform people about politics by providing accurate and objective information about politics at all levels of government. We are firmly committed to neutrality in our content;
   • Secretary of State (state executive office)
2. Black Box Voting.org - Black Box Voting, founded in 2003, is a nonpartisan investigative reporting and public education organization for elections.
3. The Brad Blog - "The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything." - Joseph Stalin
4. CODE RED: Computerized Elections and the War on American Democracy - CODE RED lays out the case that election fraud has been occurring via the targeting and manipulation of computerized voting equipment across America.
5. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) - Rumor Vs. Reality - This webpage is for people with questions about the security of their vote and preemptively debunks potential areas for disinformation.
6. Election Defense Alliance (Position Papers) (Resource List)
7. Greg Palast Investigates - Facebook
8. Scrutineers - Scrutineers is an online community of people who care about the fairness and accuracy of US elections and are committed to doing what we can to protect the elections.
9. SMART Elections - SMART Elections is a new non-partisan project dedicated to elevating the issue of election reform to an urgent national priority.
10. TDMS Research - The impetus for this website originated by the request of colleagues in the Election Integrity movement to make my work on the 2016 Presidential primaries easily accessible.
11. Verified Voting - Verified Voting provides resources that allow you to find what voting equipment is used in each State, how the equipment works and laws and regulations in place across the country to promote transparent and verifiable elections.

Hacking and Rigging of Elections

1. SPECIAL REPORT: Forensic Analysis Finds Venango County, PA, E-Voting System 'Remotely Accessed' on 'Multiple Occasions' by Unknown Computer - Brad Friedman, The Brad Blog, December 12, 2011 - Among those findings: details on unexplained, out-of-sequence activity log entries in the computer tabulation system, indications that the system was mounted several times with a "USB 'flash drive'" device, and, perhaps most troubling, evidence that the system was repeatedly accessed by an unidentified remote computer, for lengthy periods of time, on "multiple occasions."
2. Reminder: Exit-Poll Conspiracy Theories Are Totally Baseless - Joshua Holland, The Nation, June 7, 2016 - According to the exit polls conducted by Edison Research, Biden easily won the presidency. As in past elections, the pattern of overwhelming discrepancies between the exit poll results and the unverified computer vote counts, always favoring the more politically conservative candidate, continues in this election.
3. How to Hack an Election in 7 Minutes - Ben Wofford, Politico, August 05, 2016 - Eight countries in Europe that once flirted with digital voting have seen six go back to paper; Britain counted its Brexit votes by hand.
4. Verified Voting Blog: Which voting machines can be hacked through the Internet? - Andrew W. Appel, Verified Voting Blog, September 21, 2016 - There are many more kinds of voting machines in use; I’ve just listed a few of them here...The worst: remote hackable, no paper trail...Pretty bad: need physical presence to hack, no paper trail...Not so bad: Hackable remotely (in principle), but with auditable/recountable paper trail*
5. American Elections Will Be Hacked - Bruce Schneier, New York Times, November 9, 2016 - Electronic voting machines can be hacked, and those machines that do not include a paper ballot that can verify each voter’s choice can be hacked undetectably. Voting rolls are also vulnerable; they are all computerized databases whose entries can be deleted or changed to sow chaos on Election Day.
6. Fraction Magic Video - Bev Harris, Black Box Voting.org, November 12, 2016 - A real-time demo of the most devastating election theft mechanism yet found, with context and explanation. Demonstration uses a real voting system and real vote databases and takes place in seconds across multiple jurisdictions.
7. In year plagued by hacks, breaches and claims of “rigged” elections, national audit offers simple way to restore confidence in electoral process - Verified Voting, November 21, 2016 - A nationwide audit of about 1.4 million ballots–just over 1% of the votes cast– could give 95% confidence that each state’s result is right. About 25% of Americans voted on equipment that does not produce an auditable paper record, mostly in Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, and New Jersey. But votes cast by the other 75% are on paper ballots or paper records voters have the chance to check, and those can and should be checked in every election.
8. Hacking and the 2016 Presidential Election - Bruce Schneier, Schneier on Security, November 25, 2016 - But we only have two years until the next national elections, and it's time to start fixing things if we don't want to be wondering the same things about hackers in 2018. The risks are real: Electronic voting machines that don't use a paper ballot are vulnerable to hacking.
9. How to hack an election - Carla Bleiker, DW (Deutsche Welle), December 12, 2016 - "The attackers might spread malware into voting machines in some of these states, rigging the machines to shift a few percent of the vote to favor their desired candidate," Halderman writes. "This malware would likely be designed to remain inactive during pre-election tests, do its dirty business during the election, then erase itself when the polls close."
10. US elections still vulnerable to rigging, disruption - Michael Rubinkam And Frank Bajak, Associated Press, December 26, 2016 - The Travis County system would have a paper trail and use encryption systems to let voters confirm online that their vote counted and wasn't subject to tampering. For transparency, DeBeauvoir wants to use open source software that anyone can examine, not the proprietary code the industry uses. None of the major vendors has shown interest, she says. "I don't think it fits their profit model."

Hacking and Rigging of Elections - Videos

1. Testimony of Clinton Eugene Curtis Regarding Election Hacking, uploaded on March 2, 2006 - Computer Programmer testifies that Tom Feeney (Speaker of the House of Florida at the time, currently US Representative representing MY district) tried to pay him to rig election vote counts.
2. Stealing America: Vote by Vote, Narrated by Peter Coyote, in theaters August 1, 2008 - STEALING AMERICA documents Presidential races that election analysts report had significant irregularities such as suspicious vote totals, voter disenfranchisement and many other signs of manipulation.
3. WV Vote Flipping Caught on Tape - Video the Vote, October 27, 2008 - Video the Vote went to Jackson County, WV, in response to numerous reports of machine vote flipping. To see the entire interview, go here.
4. Did Anonymous Save the Election from Karl Rove? (Part 1), The Big Picture with Thom Hartmann, November 20, 2012 - Remember on election night - when Karl Rove questioned Fox News' call that Ohio had gone for President Obama? Well it turns out hacker group extraordinaire Anonymous may have had something to do with that...or did he (or she)?
5. Hacking Democracy - The Hack - YouTube, March 20, 2014 - This is the hack that proved America's elections can be stolen using a few lines of computer code. The 'Hursti Hack' in this video is an excerpt from the feature length Emmy nominated documentary 'Hacking Democracy'.
6. Greg Palast in Ohio on GOP Effort to Remove African Americans from Voter Rolls in Battleground State - Democracy Now, November 8, 2016 - On some polling machines, audit protection functions have been shut off, and African Americans and Hispanics are being scrubbed from the voter rolls through a system called Crosscheck.
   
7. Hacker demonstrates how voting machines can be compromised - CBS News, August 10, 2016 - "For $15 and in-depth knowledge of the card, you could hack the vote," Varner said. Symantec Security Response director Kevin Haley said elections can also be hacked by breaking into the machines after the votes are collected.
8. Zachary Quinto Explains How To Hack An Election - WIRED, September 14, 2016 - 'Snowden' star Zachary Quinto goes in-depth on the possibility of a hacked presidential election.
9. Fraction Magic Video - Bev Harris, Black Box Voting.org, November 12, 2016 - A real-time demo of the most devastating election theft mechanism yet found, with context and explanation. Demonstration uses a real voting system and real vote databases and takes place in seconds across multiple jurisdictions.

Voter Fraud

1. Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections? - Jesse T. Richman, Gulshan A. Chattha, and David C. Earnest, Electoral Studies, September 21, 2014 - The proportion of noncitizens who voted was less than fifteen percent, but significantly greater than zero. Similarly in 2010 we found that more than three percent of non-citizens reported voting.
2. Author of Trump’s Favorite Voter Fraud Study Says Everyone’s Wrong - Issie Lapowsky, Wired, January 25, 2017 - Here’s what the math should look like (that is, if Richman’s initial study was accurate—which many researchers doubt). If 6.4 percent of the estimated 20.3 million noncitizens in the US voted, and if just 81.8 percent of them voted for Clinton (the percentage who voted for Obama in his 2008 study), that’s an added margin of a little more than 835,000 votes. In other words: Even with all of those supposedly fraudulent ballots, Clinton still would have won the popular vote by more than 2 million votes.
3. ‘Stop citing our work’: Virginia professor says Trump’s twisting his research on non-citizen voting - Travis Gettys, Raw Story, January 27, 2017 - “First of all, he’s confusing our study with another study, and then he’s flipping ours around and exaggerating the most extreme estimates from it,” Richman told The Virginian-Pilot.
4. Trump-cited study author (still) refuses to show proof of voter fraud - Josiah Ryan, CNN, January 27, 2017 - The author of a study that claims to show millions of illegal votes were cast in the presidential election refused to produce evidence support his allegation during a contentious and lengthy interview with CNN. In 12-minute exchange with CNN's Chris Cuomo Friday, VoteStand founder Gregg Phillips alleged he has the names of three million individuals who voted illegally, but that he needs more time to prepare a public report to ensure accuracy and because the work is being completed by volunteers.
5. Meet the Man Who May Have Convinced President Trump Voter Fraud Exists - Melissa Chan, Time, January 27, 2017 - Phillips is now behind a mobile app called VoteStand, which allows Americans to report and read about suspected incidents of voter fraud at nearby and national polls. He is also a board member of True the Vote, a nonpartisan group that grew out of a Tea Party effort in Texas, according to the New York Times.
6. Trump Abandons the Secret Code of 'Voter Fraud' - Vann R. Newkirk II, The Atlantic, January 27, 2017 - Trump has since attempted to back up his claims with misrepresented data from a Pew study, as well as some unreleased reports from voting app VoteStand and its founder Gregg Phillips, a company that does not have comprehensive access to voter data and a person who has not been established as a credible source or expert on voting in any way.
7. Trump's voter fraud expert owes US more than $100,000 in unpaid taxes - Jon Swaine, The Guardian, January 27, 2017 - The conservative activist cited by Donald Trump as an authority on voter fraud owes the US government more than $100,000 in unpaid taxes, was once accused of lying about his qualifications, and has faced several allegations of ethical impropriety.

Voter ID Laws and Voter Suppression

1. New database of US voter fraud finds no evidence that photo ID laws are needed - Natasha Khan and Corbin Carson, News21, August 11, 2012 - Analysis of the resulting comprehensive News21 election fraud database turned up 10 cases of voter impersonation. With 146 million registered voters in the United States during that time, those 10 cases represent one out of about every 15 million prospective voters.
2. Waukesha county clerk: Weekend voting gave 'too much access' to Milwaukee, Madison - Jessie Opoien, The Capital Times, May 24, 2016 - She also argued long lines could be evidence that access is not an issue in urban areas.
3. Stricter Voter ID And Other Voting Laws Rolled Back In Slew Of Court Decisions - NPR, August 5, 2016 - In 2013, the high court struck down a key section of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. No longer would areas of the country with a history of discrimination in voting be required to pre-clear all changes in voting laws and procedures.
4. Debunking the Voter Fraud Myth - Brennan Center For Justice, September 1, 2016 - Even the Supreme Court, in its opinion in Crawford upholding Indiana’s voter ID law, noted that the record in the case “contains no evidence of any [in-person voter impersonation] fraud actually occurring in Indiana at any time in its history.”
5. States that passed voting restrictions saw decreased turnout, flipped to Trump - New York Daily News, November 9, 2016 - Measures like Wisconsin’s are seen as disproportionately affecting minority voters like those in Milwaukee County, where turnout was more than 50,000 votes less than it was four years ago.
6. Election Results 2016: Did Voter ID & Voter Suppression Help Elect Trump? - Jessica McBride, Heavy, November 11, 2016 - Wisconsin’s elections chief told The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel he believed voter ID depressed turnout in high poverty wards, as the City of Milwaukee saw 41,000 fewer votes.
7. After a Fraught Election, Questions Over the Impact of a Balky Voting Process - New York Times, November 12, 2016 - This was the first presidential election in a half century that was held without the full protection of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Voting rights advocates spent the year in court battling, with incomplete success, to roll back restrictions on the franchise enacted by Republican legislatures in state after state.
8. If it seems like Trump could only win a presidency in 1950’s America it’s because he effectively did. - Being Liberal, November 13, 2016 - They killed the voting rights act with a lawsuit financed by the Kochs. As soon as the Supreme Court made their ruling, voter ID requirements became law in many states and massive voter purges such as Interstate Crosscheck started wiping out minorities from the voter rolls purging hundreds of thousands every year since 2013.
9. How voter ID laws helped Donald Trump win the presidency - Salon, November 14, 2016 - In Wisconsin, for example, Voter ID laws disproportionately targeted nonwhite voters and, according to the executive director of Milwaukee’s Election Commission, resulted in the city’s turnout dropping by roughly 41,000 voters. Trump won the state by fewer than 18,000 votes.
10. Did Republicans Rig the Election? - Ari Berman, The Nation, November 15, 2016 - Donald Trump carried the state [Wisconsin] by 27,000 votes, but 300,000 registered voters, according to a federal court, lacked the required forms of voter ID.
11. Investigative Reporter Greg Palast: GOP Stole 2016 Election Using Voter Suppression, Purging Ploys - Kasia Anderson, truthdig, November 16, 2016 - The 2013 decision removed crucial safeguards that had prevented balloting practices from being gamed in ways that would discriminate against minority voters.
12. Election Results 2016: Voter Suppression Concerns Congressional Dems - Christine Beswick, Inquisitr, November 19, 2016 - The two theories that keep coming up to explain the electoral college map vast discrepancies between the polls and the 2016 election results are voter suppression and election hacking. While polls are not accurate to the 100 percent degree, they are accurate within a margin of error. For many swing states, Hillary Clinton was well outside the margin of error, and she lost them anyway.
13. Wisconsin election recount spurs rumors of hacking - AM Joy, MSNBC, November 26, 2016 - Joy and her panel discuss how it’s not a Russian hack voters should be concerned about—it’s the reported allegation that untold numbers of votes are routinely left uncounted in elections due to many typical, state-level practices.
14. What surely tainted our election? Voter suppression - Jesse Jackson, Los Angeles Sentinel, December 15, 2016 - There is little doubt that these measures worked, and cost Clinton the election. In Wisconsin, for example, Trump’s margin of victory was 27,000. A record 300,000 registered voters lacked the newly required ID, contributing to the lowest turnout in 20 years. Turnout was down by more than 50,000 in Milwaukee where 70 percent of the state’s African-American population lives.
15. Florida: An Outlier in Denying Voting Rights - Erika Wood, Brennan Center for Justice, December 16, 2016 - Florida is one of only three states with a lifetime voting ban for people with felony convictions. The strict law disenfranchises 1.6 million citizens, including 21 percent of the state’s voting-age African Americans. This report traces the history of the provision back to America’s Jim Crow past and explains how its impact is felt in Florida’s democracy today.
16. All This Talk of Voter Fraud? Across U.S., Officials Found Next to None - Michael Wines, New York Times, December 18, 2016 - In an election in which more than 137.7 million Americans cast ballots, election and law enforcement officials in 26 states and the District of Columbia — Democratic-leaning, Republican-leaning and in-between — said that so far they knew of no credible allegations of fraudulent voting. Officials in another eight states said they knew of only one allegation.